These are embeddings that take some Earth observation data (usually from satellites) for each point on the map, and turn it into an N-dimensional vector. This vector is very rich in meaning, so you can just look at the vector and make predictions about the point.
- TESSERA earth embeddings: https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.20380
- Geospatial embeddings and plants: https://toao.com/blog/can-we-really-see-brambles-from-space
- Barlow Twins for embeddings: https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.03230
- GIS datasets: https://gisgeography.com/gis-datasets/